Artistic view of a Male Pteronarcys californica (Pteronarcyidae) (Giant Salmonfly) Stonefly Adult from the Gallatin River in Montana

Salmonflies
Pteronarcys californica

The giant Salmonflies of the Western mountains are legendary for their proclivity to elicit consistent dry-fly action and ferocious strikes.

Stream photos

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Zapada cinctipes (Tiny Winter Black) Stonefly Nymph Zapada cinctipes (Tiny Winter Black) Stonefly Nymph

Dorsal view of a Zapada cinctipes (Nemouridae) (Tiny Winter Black) Stonefly Nymph from the Yakima River in Washington

Nymphs of this species were fairly common in late-winter kick net samples from the upper Yakima River. Although I could not find a key to species of Zapada nymphs, a revision of the Nemouridae family by Baumann (1975) includes the following helpful sentence: "2 cervical gills on each side of midline, 1 arising inside and 1 outside of lateral cervical sclerites, usually single and elongate, sometimes constricted but with 3 or 4 branches arising beyond gill base in Zapada cinctipes." This specimen clearly has the branches and is within the range of that species.

13 Recently Added Photos

27" brown trout, my largest ever. It was the sub-dominant fish in its pool. After this, I hooked the bigger one, but I couldn't land it.

Troutnut is a project started in 2003 by salmonid ecologist Jason "Troutnut" Neuswanger to help anglers and fly tyers unabashedly embrace the entomological side of the sport. Learn more about Troutnut or support the project for an enhanced experience here.

Life cycles and hatches

This topic is about the True Fly Family Chironomidae

Midges are the most important aquatic insects in some places, especially fertile spring creeks where they are extremely abundant and the current is so slow that it's efficient for trout to surface feed on very tiny insects.

Some midges are large, up to hook size 14, but the majority are size 22 or smaller. The number of genera and species is hopelessly huge for angler entomologists to ever learn, and the identifing characteristics often require slide-mounting tiny parts under high-powered microscopes. Even the most Latin-minded fisherman must slip back to the basics--size and color--to describe his local midge hatches.

Example specimens

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Chironomidae (Midge) True Fly Larva

Dorsal view of a Chironomidae (Midge) True Fly Larva from the South Fork Snoqualmie River in Washington

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Chironomidae (Midge) True Fly Larva

Lateral view of a Chironomidae (Midge) True Fly Larva from the South Fork Snoqualmie River in Washington

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Chironomidae (Midge) True Fly Adult

Lateral view of a Chironomidae (Midge) True Fly Adult from the South Fork Snoqualmie River in Washington

This extremely tiny fly was puzzling to identify. I collected it from a sparse mating swarm just above the surface of the river. It just doesn't have the "look" I'm used to seeing in Chironomids, but the key characteristics in Merritt, Cummins, & Berg point that way. -Maxillary palp apparently with 4 segments, antenna with 6 -I can't see any ocelli and wing venation doesn't seem to match Axymyiidae -Costa definitely ends at or near apex of the wing (pictured) -Obvious characteristics and wing venation rule out a few other things -Simuliidae seems like a possibility due to the broad wings, but bugguide says they're supposed to have more antennal segments (eleven, though a different source says some have ten, at least in the Southern Hemisphere). -Postnotum with median longitudinal groove (pictured) rules out Ceratopogonidae So my guess is some kind of chironomid from a genus that doesn't have the classic midge look. There are some like that.

Leahdanger
Posts: 1

Leahdanger on Mar 7, 2014March 7th, 2014, 8:31 am EST

Hi,

I am trying to identify the life cycle of a few aquatic insects in eastern British Columbia. Specifically, I want to know if the species I collected in the fall (Aug-Oct) are a different hatch from the species I collected in the spring (April-May). Does anybody know when the following species lay eggs, die, and hatch: amphipods (Hyalella aztecha), chironomids, leeches, mayflies (Leptophlebiidae paraleptophlebia, Baetida sp.), and caddis flies (Oxyethira sp., Hydropsychidae arctopsyche)? For my purposes, knowing the general life cycle of amphipods and chironomids would be great.

Thanks much for your help!
Leah

Taxon

Site Editor
Plano, TX

Posts: 1311

Taxon on Mar 7, 2014March 7th, 2014, 1:14 pm EST

Hi Leah-

You really can't "know if the species I collected in the fall (Aug-Oct) are a different hatch from the species I collected in the spring (April-May)" by simply being provided answers to the questions you posed. It isn't my intent to pick on you, but the questions you posed are way to general answer, and with one exception, they don't even refer to a species.

Best regards,
Roger Rohrbeck
www.FlyfishingEntomology.com

PaulRoberts

Colorado

Posts: 1776

PaulRoberts on Mar 9, 2014March 9th, 2014, 6:05 pm EDT

Leah, I'd suggest you start by searching "life cycle" with Chironomidae"(family), “Hirudinea” (subclass), and “Amphipoda” (order) to learn the basics of their general life cycle. You are likely to find diagrams for some (check Google Images). Others may be descriptions. I just tried “Life Cycle” with “Hyalella aztecha”(species) and found this (can't vouch for identification accuracy though):

http://www.killiclubdefrance.org/forum/index.php?topic=5272.0

Life Cycle:

This little amphipod will mate several times per year. If you observe the courtship closely you will notice that the male will carry the female on his back, for about a week, whilst swimming, during the copulation process. Females will normally produce around 40-50 fertilised eggs in her brood pouch which show up as being orange in colour and are conspicuous through her semi-transparent body. The tiny shrimp hatch within the egg pouch of the female and emerge as microscopic, fully developed young.

They will then develop an exo-skeleton and will shed this (moult) several times as they grow. The shrimp have no natural defences against predators so they will hide in any dark areas of the tank. They will however become more active under low light conditions or after dark.

As to egg laying in the macroinverts you listed, just Google them. You can get a rough idea of mating activity times by finding emergence/hatch charts/tables for your area. Realize these may not be entirely accurate due to misidentifications, regional and local variations. But it's a start. That’s what this site is in part dedicated to. Welcome to the HUGE world of tiny critters.

Entoman

Northern CA & ID

Posts: 2604

Entoman on Mar 9, 2014March 9th, 2014, 7:27 pm EDT

Welcome Leah! I don't mean to toot our own horn, but reviewing the hatch pages in the encyclopedia on this site is the best way to start. It's the most user friendly layout on the web, IMO. It will help you to keep the hierarchy of all the orders and families in perspective and keep confusion to a minimum. Ok, maybe I am tooting a little....:)

"It's not that I find fishing so important, it's just that I find all other endeavors of Man equally unimportant... And not nearly as much fun!" Robert Traver, Anatomy of a Fisherman